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The National Emergencies Act (, codified at -1651) is a United States federal law passed to stop open-ended states of national emergency and formalize the power of Congress to provide certain checks and balances on the emergency powers of the President. The Act of Congress imposes certain "procedural formalities" on the President when invoking such powers. The perceived need for the law arose from the scope and number of laws granting special powers to the executive in times of national emergency. The H.R. 3884 legislation was passed by the United States 94th Congressional session and signed by the 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford on September 14, 1976. ==Background== Under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 ("TWEA"), starting with Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, presidents had the power to declare emergencies without limiting their scope or duration, without citing the relevant statutes, and without congressional oversight.〔H. Rep. No. 95-459, at 7 (1977) "(TWEA ) has become essentially an unlimited grant of authority for the President to exercise, at his discretion, broad powers in both the domestic and international economic arena, without congressional review. These powers may be exercised so long as there is an unterminated declaration of national emergency on the books, whether or not the situation with respect to which the emergency was declared bears any relationship to the situation with respect to which the President is using the authorities"〕 The Supreme Court in ''Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer'' limited what a president could do in such an emergency, but did not limit the emergency declaration power itself. A 1973 Senate investigation found (in Senate Report 93-549) that four declared emergencies remained in effect: the 1933 banking crisis with respect to the hoarding of gold,〔Executive Order 6102〕 a 1950 emergency with respect to the Korean War, a 1970 emergency regarding a postal workers strike, and a 1971 emergency in response to inflation.〔S. Rep. No. 93-549, at 2 (1973), http://www.ncrepublic.org/images/lib/SenateReport93_549.pdf〕 Under the NEA, Congress declared all of these prior emergencies terminated. It then passed the International Emergency Economic Powers Act to restore the emergency power in a limited, overseeable form. In addition, many provisions of statutory law are contingent on a state of national emergency, as many as 500 by one count.〔()〕 It was due in part to concern that a declaration of "emergency" for one purpose should not invoke every possible executive emergency power that Congress in 1976 passed the National Emergencies Act. Among other provisions, this act requires the President to declare formally a national emergency and to specify the statutory authorities to be used under such a declaration. There were 32 declared national emergencies between 1976 and 2001.〔()〕 Most of these were for the purpose of restricting trade with certain foreign entities under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) (50 U.S.C. 1701-1707). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Emergencies Act」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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